Male takeover,infanticide, and female countertactics in white-headed leaf monkeys (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachypithecus leucocephalus</Emphasis>)

Infanticide by males is common in mammalian species such as primates in which lactation lasts much longer than gestation. It frequently occurs in one-male groups following male takeovers and is likely a male reproductive strategy. Reported female countertactics include abrupt weaning of infants, dispersal, or paternity confusion. Here, we estimated costs of female countertactics in terms of weaning ages and interbirth intervals. We observed a population of white-headed leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in Nongguan Nature Reserve, China (1995–2006) mainly composed of one-male groups. Takeovers (N = 11) coincided with the peak conception period. Detailed data are presented for five takeovers (34 females, 29 infants, and 47 group-years) leading to six infant disappearances (42.9% of infant mortality). All presumed infanticides were in accordance with the sexual selection hypothesis. Following a takeover, females without infants or with old infants stayed with the new males, incurring no or low costs (via abrupt weaning). Females with young infants dispersing with the old males also experienced low costs. High costs (due to infant loss) were incurred by pregnant females and those with young infants who stayed with the new males indicating that paternity was not confused. Costs in terms of long interbirth intervals were also high for females leaving with the old males to later join the new males, despite infant survival. Female countertactics reflected female philopatry mediated by infant age. Presumably due to the seasonal timing of takeovers, most countertactics seemed successful given that 32.3% of females apparently incurred no costs and 41.2% incurred only low costs.     

Impacts of pavement types on in-vehicle noise and human health

Noise is a major source of pollution that can affect the human physiology and living environment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an exposure for longer than 24 hours to noise levels above 70 dB(A) may damage human hearing sensitivity, induce adverse health effects, and cause anxiety to residents nearby roadways. Pavement type with different roughness is one of the associated sources that may contribute to in-vehicle noise. Most previous studies have focused on the impact of pavement type on the surrounding acoustic environment of roadways, and given little attention to in-vehicle noise levels. This paper explores the impacts of different pavement types on in-vehicle noise levels and the associated adverse health effects. An old concrete pavement and a pavement with a thin asphalt overlay were chosen as the test beds. The in-vehicle noise caused by the asphalt and concrete pavements were measured, as well as the drivers’ corresponding heart rates and reported riding comfort. Results show that the overall in-vehicle sound levels are higher than 70 dB(A) even at midnight. The newly overlaid asphalt pavement reduced in-vehicle noise at a driving speed of 96.5 km/hr by approximately 6 dB(A). Further, on the concrete pavement with higher roughness, driver heart rates were significantly higher than on the asphalt pavement. Drivers reported feeling more comfortable when driving on asphalt than on concrete pavement. Further tests on more drivers with different demographic characteristics, along highways with complicated configurations, and an examination of more factors contributing to in-vehicle noise are recommended, in addition to measuring additional physical symptoms of both drivers and passengers.Implications: While there have been many previous noise-related studies, few have addressed in-vehicle noise. Most studies have focused on the noise that residents have complained about, such as neighborhood traffic noise. As yet, there have been no complaints by drivers that their own in-vehicle noise is too loud. Nevertheless, it is a fact that in-vehicle noise can also result in adverse health effects if it exceeds 85 dB(A). Results of this study show that in-vehicle noise was strongly associated with pavement type and roughness; also, driver heart rate patterns presented statistically significant differences on different types of pavement with different roughness.     

日本发展低碳经济的政策体系综述

发展低碳经济已经成为许多国家和区域发展的重要策略。本文总结了日本发展低碳经济的背景、目标和基本理念,综述了其促进低碳经济发展的政策体系框架和主要内容,具体包括低碳能源、财政、技术、交通、绿色消费、信息公开、国际合作、宣传教育等政策措施,指出日本低碳经济政策体系中存在的不足之处,并提出我国促进低碳经济发展的政策建议。     

富硒土壤硒生物有效性及影响因素研究

湖北恩施是典型的富硒土壤分布区，在恩施市沙地乡采集了199件表层土壤样品以及60件玉米样品进行分析测试，旨在查明研究区硒元素含量特征，并分析硒生物有效性及其影响因素。结果显示:研究区表层土壤中硒含量的平均值为188 mg/kg，同时土壤中水溶态硒含量只占到总硒含量的004%~291%，处于相对较低水平。研究区内，有机碳含量对硒生物有效性影响很小，影响硒生物有效性的主要因素为土壤总硒含量和土壤pH值，碱性土壤中硒生物有效性更高。由于该区土壤主要呈酸性，且水溶态硒含量较少，导致玉米中硒含量整体处于相对较低水平，可以通过人为手段适当调控土壤酸碱性，提高硒生物有效性     

滑坡涌浪灾害物理模型试验研究综述

为有效预防和减少滑坡涌浪灾害，采用定性文献综述方法从涌浪的产生、传播与衰减、爬高3个阶段对国内外物理模型试验相关文献进行全面梳理分析。结果表明:涌浪产生阶段的研究主要集中在波形特征的识别和初始波高/波幅的公式表达上，传播阶段的研究主要聚焦在涌浪形态和波高在空间的衰减上，而爬高阶段则主要关注爬高的求解。在现状分析的基础上，从致灾因子、承灾体、防灾减灾角度提出关注泥岩质滑坡体、滑坡体淹没率等具体的未来研究建议。     

金沙江头塘小流域人工林有机碳及其剖面分布特征

采用野外调查、室内分析并结合相关的方法,研究探讨了金沙江头塘小流域7种不同植被恢复人工林土壤剖面层次有机碳(SOC)含量、有机碳密度(SOCD)和有机碳储量及分布特征。结果表明,不同林分类型及土层间土壤SOC含量存在明显差异:就整个土层(0~100 cm)而言,7种林分土壤SOC平均含量介于6.46±1.67~24.95±2.32 g·kg–1,大小依次为柳杉林旱冬瓜林圆柏林栓皮栎林圣诞树林墨西哥林藏柏林,且差异显著(p0.05);7种林分土壤SOC含量均出现表聚现象,从表层到深层都呈现递减趋势,且具有一定的规律性;7种林分土壤容重总体上均表现为随土层深度的增加逐渐增加,土壤容重表现为:柳杉林栓皮栎林圣诞树林圆柏林旱冬瓜林墨西哥柏林、藏柏林;7种林分土壤有机碳密度垂直分布和土壤有机碳含量垂直分布特征一致,随土层深度增加土壤有机碳密度减少,以表土10 cm的土壤有机碳密度最大;有机碳储量均随着土层加深所占比例逐渐降低,同时土壤有机碳主要集中于土层0~40 cm内,分别占总有机碳的65.60%(圣诞树林)、63.16%(旱冬瓜林)、54.41%(墨西哥柏林)、58.56%(圆柏林)、62.96%(藏柏林)、61.70%(栓皮栎林)和56.37%(柳杉林),0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳占总有机碳的百分比均达到50%以上。     

有机污染土壤通风去污技术优化设计

有机污染土壤通风去污技术（SVE）是一种经济，安全的场内治理技术，SVE优化设计包括建立污染土壤通风去污模型和抽排去污流场模型，并以此为基础算工程费用，用一虚拟工况对提出的模型及计算公式进行了验证。     

循环经济是发展低碳经济的基本路径

低碳经济是一种新的经济发展模式，是我国建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，实现可持续发展的重要途径。论述了“低碳经济”提出的大背景，以及我国发展低碳经济所面临的严峻挑战。指出循环经济是发展低碳经济的基本路径。     

对城市雨水地下回灌的分析

城市扩张带来雨水径量增大，排出时间缩短并由此产生一系列后果，对城区雨水回灌地区的效益进行了讨论，分析城区雨水径流水质污污状况及其影响因素，初期雨水径流污染严重，主要受到地面条件，屋面材料，气温，降雨量及降雨强度等影响，根据对雨水水质的研究结果，分析了雨水回灌地下的条件及必要的雨水处理措施，对雨水回灌技术作了简略的论述。     

新型生物除锰滤料处理含锰地下水研究

采用聚乙烯醇-硼酸-戊二醛法固定锰氧化细菌,并将其粘附于石英砂表面制备出一种新型生物除锰滤料,将生物除锰滤料装填模拟滤柱,进行了处理含锰水的连续流实验。结果表明:利用细胞固定化技术制备的生物除锰滤料使滤柱的启动期缩短到16d左右,且成熟期的滤柱在10m/h滤速下仍然保持95%以上的锰去除率;过量铁的存在不利于锰的氧化去除,进水中Fe2+质量浓度在2.0mg/L时降低了对锰的去除能力;滤柱对高浓度锰原水在10m/h滤速下仍然保持较高的锰去除率,且对低铁高锰水进行处理后,出水锰可以降到0.05mg/L以下。